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“In 2001, the North Magnetic Pole was determined by the Geological Survey of Canada to lie near Ellesmere Island in northern Canada at 81°18′N 110°48′W / 81.3°N 110.8°W / 81.3; -110.8 (Magnetic North Pole 2001). It was estimated to be at 82°42′N 114°24′W / 82.7°N 114.4°W / 82.7; -114.4 (Magnetic North Pole 2005 est) in 2005. In 2009, it was moving toward Russia at almost 40 miles (64 km) per year due to magnetic changes in the Earth’s core” -wikipedia.org

n physics, all magnets have two poles that are distinguished by the direction of the magnetic flux . In principle these poles could be named in any way based on the early use of magnets in compasses they were named the “north pole”  with the north pole being the pole that pointed north (i.e. the one attracted to the Earth’s North Magnetic Pole). Because opposite poles attract, the Earth’s North Magnetic Pole is therefore, by this definition, physically a magnetic field south pole. Conversely, the Earth’s South Magnetic Pole is physically a magnetic field north pole.

In early times European navigators believed that compass needles were attracted either to a magnetic mountain or magnetic island somewhere in the far north or to the Pole Star.William Gilbert. He was also the first to define the North Magnetic Pole as the point where the Earth’s magnetic field points vertically downwards. This is the definition used nowadays, though it would be several hundred years before the nature of the Earth’s magnetic field was understood properly. The idea that the Earth itself acts as a giant magnet was first proposed in 1600 by the English physician and natural philosopher

Panic disorder is a potentially disabling disorder, but can be controlled and successfully treated. Because of the intense symptoms that accompany panic disorder, it may be mistaken for a life-threatening physical illness such as a heart attack. This misconception often aggravates or triggers future attacks. People frequently go to hospital emergency rooms when they are having panic attacks, and extensive medical tests may be performed to rule out these other conditions, thus creating further anxiety. 20% of deaths in 113 former psychiatric inpatients with panic disorder followed 35 years later were suicides; however, due to the co-morbidity of anxiety disorders, it is unclear whether panic disorder was the main cause of suicide. This study also found that men with panic disorder had twice the risk of cardiovascular mortality compared to men in the general population.

Symptoms of a panic attack, which often last about 10 minutes, include:

• Difficulty breathing.
• Pounding heart or chest pain.
• Intense feeling of terror.
• Sensation of choking or smothering.
• Dizziness or feeling faint.
• Trembling or shaking.
• Sweating
• Nausea or stomachache.
• Tingling or numbness in the fingers and toes.
• Chills or hot flashes.
• A fear that you are losing control or are about to die.

Some ways to trigger a panic attack;

• Long-term, predisposing causes — Heredity. Panic disorder has been found to run in families, and this may mean that inheritance plays a strong role in determining who will get it. However, many people who have no family history of the disorder develop it. Various twin studies where one identical twin has an anxiety disorder have reported an incidence ranging from 31 to 88 percent of the other twin also having an anxiety disorder diagnosis. Environmental factors such as an overly cautious view of the world expressed by parents and cumulative stress over time have been found to be causes.

• Biological causes — obsessive compulsive disorder, post traumatic stress disorder, hypoglycemia, hyperthyroidism, Wilson’s disease, mitral valve prolapse, pheochromocytoma and inner ear disturbances (labyrinthitis).^[Vitamin B deficiency from inadequate diet or caused by periodic depletion due to parasitic infection from tapeworm can be a trigger of anxiety attacks.

• People will often experience panic attacks as a direct result of exposure to a phobic object or situation.

• Significant personal loss, including an emotional attachment to a romantic partner, life transitions, significant life change, and as seen below, stimulants such as caffeine or nicotine, can act as triggers.

So, claustrophobia is a form of a panic disorder, when you’re in tight places you start freaking out, losing your breath very fast.

Reference 2

Book On Consciousness

Consciousness is variously defined as subjective experience, or awareness, or wakefulness, or the executive control system of the mind.The word “conscious” is derived from Latin conscius meaning “1. having joint or common knowledge with another,  “conscious of guilt”.A related word was conscientia which primarily means moral conscience. In the literal sense, “conscientia” means knowledge-with, that is, shared knowledge. The word first appears in Latin juridical texts by writers such as Cicero. Here, conscientia is the knowledge that a witness has of the deed of someone else.For centuries, philosophers have investigated phenomenal consciousness.Because humans express their conscious states using language, it is tempting to equate language abilities and consciousness. There are, however, speechless humans infants, feral children, aphasics, severe forms of autism, to whom consciousness is attributed despite language lost or not yet acquired. – wikipedia

That was wikipedia’s thoughts on consciousness, my thought on consciousness are basically the same except, i think if your conscious of your being then you understand more if you want to understand more you will if you dont then you wont. This is just a basic though from me. Consciousness is another word for being aware of your existence which All human beings are. Consciousness in medicine (e.g., anesthesiology) is assessed by observing a patient’s alertness and responsiveness, and can be seen as a continuum of states ranging from alert, oriented to time and place, and communicative, through disorientation, then delirium, then loss of any meaningful communication, and ending with loss of movement in response to painful stimulation.What is Consciousness? What raises us above other known sentient beings is our ability to be conscious of our own consciousness. But what does this mean, scientifically?This archive will investigate the nature of consciousness, different levels of consciousness, cosmic consciousness, collective consciousness and spirituality and consciousness.The ultimate questions is weather consciousness can be permanently altered and the nature of enlightenment. Perhaps no aspect of mind is more familiar or more puzzling than consciousness and our conscious experience of self and world. The problem of consciousness is arguably the central issue in current theorizing about the mind. Despite the lack of any agreed upon theory of consciousness, there is a widespread, if less than universal, consensus that an adequate account of mind requires a clear understanding of it and its place in nature. We need to understand both what consciousness is and how it relates to other, nonconscious, aspects of reality.

The First Dynasty

“The unification of Egypt began with the First Dynasty. It also marked the beginning of Egyptian history, for it was the time when hieroglyphic .

writing in Egypt became standardized. Little is known about the First or Second Dynasty due to the ravages of wars and of time. Many of the comments regarding the early Pre-dynastic Periods can be used for both the first dynasty and the second.” This Means To me that The First And second dynasty were very brutal and Unknowledgeable.

Here is a picture of The Hieroglyphics Used In these Dynasty’s.

Egyptian hieroglyphics had been used by the Egyptians for thousands of years.

An Interesting Story of Egyptian history is the Persian Conquest For Egypt. The Egyptians were dominated by Persian intruders. The events that changed the nature of Egypt were not the Persian conquest but rather the war between Persia the rulers of Egypt. Greece had originally been united With Persia; this is How They Dominated Egypt. However Alexander the Great betrayed the Persian’s and defeated the Persian forces and then took his army to Egypt. There he was welcomed as a conquering hero by the Egyptians because he brought an end to Persian rule. He was made a god by the Egyptians as well as a pharaoh.

There is evidence of rock carvings along the Nile terraces and in the desert oases. In the 10th millennium BC, a culture of hunter-gatherers and fishers replaced a grain-grinding culture. Climate changes and/or overgrazing around 8000 BC began to desiccate the pastoral lands of Egypt, forming the Sahara. Early tribal peoples migrated to the Nile River where they developed a settled agricultural economy and more centralized society.

By about 6000 BC the Neolithic culture rooted in the Nile Valley. During the Neolithic era, several predynastic cultures developed independently in Upper and Lower Egypt. The Badarian culture and the successor Naqada series are generally regarded as precursors to Dynastic Egyptian civilization. The earliest known Lower Egyptian site, Merimda, predates the Badarian by about seven hundred years. Contemporaneous Lower Egyptian communities coexisted with their southern counterparts for more than two thousand years, remaining somewhat culturally separate, but maintaining frequent contact through trade. The earliest known evidence of Egyptian hieroglyphic inscriptions appeared during the predynastic period on Naqada III pottery vessels, dated to about 3200 BC.

Some Of The Egyptian

Ra-God Of Sun, Head Of Falcon

Hathor-God of Music, Horns Of Cow

Sekhmet-God Of Destruction, head of Lion

Reference 1

Reference 2

Sexual reproduction involves combining specialized cells gametes to form offspring that inherit traits from both parents. Gametes can be identical in form and function known as isogametes, but in many cases an asymmetry has evolved such that two sex-specific types of gametes heterogametes exist: male gametes are small, motile, and optimized to transport their genetic information over a distance, while female gametes are large, non-motile and contain the nutrients necessary for the early development of the young organism.An organism’s sex is defined by the gametes it produces: males produce male gametes sperm while females produce female gametes egg cells; individual organisms which produce both male and female gametes are termed hermaphroditic. Frequently, physical differences are associated with the different sexes of an organism; these sexual dimorphisms can reflect the different reproductive pressures the sexes experience.Most sexually reproducing animals spend their lives as diploid organisms, with the haploid stage reduced to single cell gametes. The gametes of animals have male and female forms—spermatozoa and egg cells. These gametes combine to form embryos which develop into a new organism.The male gamete, a spermatozoan , is a small cell containing a single long flagellum which propels it.Spermatozoa are extremely reduced cells, lacking many cellular components that would be necessary for embryonic development. They are specialized for motility, seeking out an egg cell and fusing with it in a process called fertilization.Female gametes are egg cells, large immobile cells that contain the nutrients and cellular components necessary for a developing embryo. Egg cells are often associated with other cells which support the development of the embryo, forming an egg. In mammals, the fertilized embryo instead develops within the female, receiving nutrition directly from its mother.

Its said that the first physics and chemists, and the book said that the first ones were who invented fire (i.e rubbing sticks together to create heat and lighting that on some kindling, this progressed through the age’s to flint and rock on kindling, to gasoline and flint(what we do now using matches and lighters)) And after this they soon discoverd about metals, first copper was the strongest metal, then iron, then they added carbon to iron to make steel, and steel is the strongest metal. The greeks Thought of water being the most important element at first, then Anaximenes was saying air was most important, Heraclitus was born later said the most important was Fire because it is fire, it cooked food, about a century later Empedocles and Pythagoras Suggested That nature was made up of four elements (i.e The water of Thales, The air of Anaximenes, The fire of Heraclitus And Their own addition, Earth) These Four Elements can be made up with the four fallowing opposites,  cold, heat,wet,dry. heat and dry is fire, heat and wet is air, cold and dry is earth and cold and wet is Water.

The Trail of tears is the relocation of all the native Americans, including many members of the Cherokee, Creek, Seminole, and Choctaw. Many Native Americans suffered from exposure, disease, and starvation while en route to their destinations, and many died, including 4,000 of the 15,000 relocated Cherokee.

In 1838, the Cherokee Nation was removed from their lands in the Southeastern United States to the Indian Territory present day Oklahoma in the Western United States, which resulted in the deaths of approximately 4,000 Cherokees. In the Cherokee language, the event is called Nunna daul Isunyi—“the Trail Where They Cried”.

In 1831 there was a trial event , in which the Cherokee nation v. Georgia. the Marshall court ruled that the Cherokees were not a sovereign and independent nation,and therefore refused to hear the case. Making them able to be removed from their homes and land.However, in Worcester v. State of Georgia 1832, the Court ruled that Georgia could not impose laws in Cherokee territory, since only the national government  not state governments  had authority in Indian affairs. With the Indian Removal Act of 1830, the U.S. Congress had given Andrew Jackson authority to negotiate removal treaties, exchanging Indian land in the East for land west of the Mississippi River. Jackson used the dispute with Georgia to put pressure on the Cherokees to sign a removal treaty.

the treaty, passed by Congress by a single vote, and signed into law by President Andrew Jackson, was imposed by his successor President Martin Van Buren who allowed Georgia, Tennessee, North Carolina, and Alabama an armed force of 7,000 made up of militia, regular army, and volunteers under General Winfield Scott to round up about 13,000 Cherokees into concentration camps at the U.S. Indian Agency near Cleveland, Tennessee before being sent to the West. Most of the deaths occurred from disease, starvation and cold in these camps. Their homes were burned and their property destroyed and plundered. Farms belonging to the Cherokees for generations were won by white settlers in a lottery. In the winter of 1838 the Cherokee began the thousand mile march with scant clothing and most on foot without shoes or moccasins. The march began in Red Clay, Tennessee, the location of the last Eastern capital of the Cherokee Nation. The Cherokee were given used blankets from a hospital in Tennessee where an epidemic of small pox had broken out. This made them unable to go into any towns or villages along the way making their journey Much much longer. At one point they had to go to “barrys ferry” which charged a dollar per indian, useally was only 12 cents, they had to take shelter around “mantel rock” Many died huddled together at Mantle Rock waiting to cross. Several Cherokee were murdered by locals. The killers filed a lawsuit against the U.S. Government through the courthouse in Vienna, suing the government for $35 a head to bury the murdered Cherokee